Informatics Publishing Limited

Jatinder Kaur ¹, Gurjot Singh Gaba ¹, Rajan Miglani ¹, Ruchi Pasricha ²

Affiliations
1 Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar - 144411, Punjab, IN
2 Chandigarh Engineering College, Chandigarh - 16001, IN

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Routing in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an important area of research due to its rapidly increasing application in monitoring various kinds of environment by sensing physical phenomenon. The aim of this study is to increase the lifetime of the network. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Enhanced LEACH-R introduces the energy efficiency clustering algorithm for wireless sensor network which is based on Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy and removed some of the limitations of the LEACH-R protocol. In this protocol we considered the advance nodes and normal nodes both but the advance nodes have more energy than the normal nodes. Results: The proposed protocol is tested virtually in MATLAB tool. All the nodes are randomly deployed in the region 100*100 m2 and base station is located at the center position i.e. (50, 50). Enhanced LEACH-R protocol gives us the better result as compared to the LEACH-R protocol in terms of energy conservation. Conclusion: This protocol improves the regions of cluster based hierarchical process using heterogeneity parameters like selection of advanced nodes (m) and additional energy factor between normal and advance nodes (a). This protocol has increased the stability time for first dead node and correspondingly the lifetime of last dead node is also increased.

Keywords

Advance Nodes, Dead Nodes, Energy Consumption, Normal Nodes, Wireless Sensor Network

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Arun Gautam ¹, Gurjot Singh Gaba ¹, Rajan Miglani ¹, Ruchi Pasricha ²

Affiliations
1 Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar - 144411, Punjab, IN
2 Chandigarh Engineering College, Mohali - 140307, Punjab, IN

Abstract

In cryptography, the security of any algorithm relies on the strength of the key used and nonlinear mapping of the original information or data. It is desirable to have resistance against differential cryptanalysis, which assists in providing clues about the composition of keys, and linear secret system, where a simple approximation is created to copy the original cipher characteristics. The objective of the proposed work is to make the existing cipher techniques more prone to cryptanalysis by incorporating the proposed S-box in the design. In this paper, the use of nonlinear functional chaos-based substitution process is proposed which employs a set of differential equations called Lorenz equations with given initial parameters. The performance of the new substitution box is evaluated through simulation and data analytics tool. During testing, it has been found that the proposed technique produces high Standard Deviation (112.84) and negative correlation factor (-0.161) which makes it applicable where security against cryptanalysis is a major concern.

Keywords

Chaotic Function, Cipher, Cryptanalysis, Lorenz System, Substitution Box

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Gurjot Singh Gaba ¹, Ruchi Pasricha ², Rajan Miglani ¹, Paramdeep Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar - 144411, Punjab, IN
2 Chandigarh Engineering College, Mohali - 140307, Punja, IN

Abstract

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of large amount of nodes spread either arbitrarily or non-arbitrarily in the region of interest for sensing an event. The main constraint in WSN existence is the consumption of energy by tiny sensor node during operation. For increasing the lifetime of WSN, various clustering techniques have been evolved in the last decade. Energy Consumption by the node primarily depends upon the distance between nodes to Cluster Head (CH), CH to Base Station (BS) and the Length (L) of the packet being transmitted. It has been analyzed that combinations of two different techniques i.e. EECA-F and H-PEGASIS can solve variety of issues. In this paper, two techniques are combined together to form Hybrid Energy-Efficient Clustering Technique (HEECA). Results revealed that in HEECA mechanism, nodes consume 1.75J energy even after 80 rounds whereas in EECA-F the toll reaches 3J. On analyzing, it is found that clustering through HEECA protocol can save 41.7 percent energy in nodes thus making them live longer and eligible to be used in robust applications where replacing battery of a node is a tedious task.

Keywords

Clustering, Energy Conservation, LEACH, PEGASIS, Wireless Sensor Networks

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Poda Ramanjaneyulu ¹, Rajan Miglani ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, IN

Abstract

The optical fiber communication gains wide attraction in present time. With this communication technique, information can be sent with high data rates and low cost equipment. As there are various advantages of optical amplifier communication but its performance reduces by light dispersion effects. At the receiver end we use various types of optical amplifiers which can amplify these signals. In this paper we review that the hybrid optical amplifiers are combination of one or more amplifiers to remove the drawbacks of individual amplifiers.

Keywords

EDFA Amplifier, Hybrid Amplifiers, RAMAN Amplifier, SOA Amplifier.

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Kulvir Kaur ¹, Rajan Miglani ¹, Jagjit Singh Malhotra ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication systems, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara - 144411 Punjab, IN
2 Department of ECE, DAVIET, Jalandhar – 144008, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Background: In Free space optical communication medium, the received signal envelope is affected by various impairments. The most dominating effect is turbulence induced fading. To model the turbulence there are fading channel models. Findings: In this paper the Gamma-gamma fading model is reviewed which gives impressive results under all types of turbulence conditions. The Gamma-gamma channel model statistics and its performance with spatial diversity techniques under correlation are reviewed. It has been shown that the Gamma-gamma channel model is able to perform better under correlation than other fading channel models. Improvements: The performance analysis of Gamma-gamma channel under pointing errors and its working with recent techniques in which FSO systems works with RF systems (Hybrid RF/FSO system) are also included in this paper.

Keywords

Gamma-Gamma Channel Model, FSO (Free Space Optics), RF (Radio Frequency).

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